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<< Back to General Introduction

Also see

• "Golden Key to Mongolian" 2005 Language Course CD + Book
• Mongolian Grammer Book

To use this tutorial, you will need to download the Mongolian Font.

The Mongolian language uses two official alphabets. The most frequently used alphabet is the one that I will use in this tutorial. The other alphabet looks similar to a vertical arabic script. It is used a little, but if you go to Mongolia, you will not need to know it. You learn it when you go there if you want.

The Mongolian Alphabet:
(Wguggy Mkluka)

*This letter doesn't exist in the English language but is an aspirated L (you will have to have a Mongolian speaker help you learn this one)
**These sign either make the consonant they follow more distinct (hard sign) or palatalized (soft sign)

Vowel Harmony
(Tuinu pkhnwkh cv)

There are three kinds of vowels in Mongolian. There are masculine, feminine, and neuter. When these vowels are used in Mongolian words, all of the vowels must be of the same gender except for the neuter vowels which may be found in either masculine or feminine compositions. If there are only neuter vowels in a word, the word is considered feminine in vowel harmony.

Masculine Vowels:

Gg* Kk* Ee* Ss* Zz* Cc

Feminine Vowels:

Tt* Ff* Oo* _-

Neuter:

Nn* Aa* ?/

Examples:

Tj;tytm* Tuinu* Gj.gy* Gg.sugg* Hojth

Sentence Structure
(Fuooldtj Dgaueelglm)

There are a few things about Mongolian sentences that you should know. First of all since Mongolian is in the same language family as Korean and Japanese (Altaic Language Family), the verb always comes last in the sentence. The subject is first, if it is said at all (most times the subject is understood and not said at all), followed by the direct and indirect objects and prepositional phrases. Also there are two kinds of question sentences. The first is a yes or no question. This sentence ends with a particle that denotes that it requires only a yes or no response. The second sentence is a WH question. The response to this sentence requires an actual explaination. This sentence also ends in a particle that denotes such.

Question paticles:

For yes/no question sentences ending in a feminine word

the particle is oo.

For yes/no question sentences ending in a male word

the paricle is ee.

For yes/no question sentences ending in a feminine word with a final long vowel

the particle is /o.

For yes/no question sentences ending in a male word with a final long vowel

the particle is /e.

For WH questions ending in a word with a final consonant of > L B Y

the particle is dt.

For WH questions ending in a word with a final consonant other than > L B Y

the particle is .t.

Example sentences:

Basic sentence structure-

I to my older brother the book gave.

(Dn gh;gg ykbsu fuf.^)

Yes/No questions-

Did you give the book to your brother? Did he take the book? Is this a table? Is that a pencil? (Xn gh;gg ykbsu fuf. oo$ Mtj ykbsu g.vgy ee$ Tyt injtt /o$ Mtj hgjgy;gg /e$)

WH questions-

Where did you go? Where are you going?

(Hggyg z.vgy dt$ Xn hggig z.gh .t$)

Lesson 1

Reading Subject
Eyinh Vt;t.

Tyt wggv^ Mtj woyh^ Tyt vgbdgj^ Mtj hgyg^ Tyt ykb^ Mtj ;t.mtj^ Tyt injtt^ Mtj vgy;gl^ Tyt ugj^ Tyt gzug^ Tyt mg.gu^ Tyt /e .t$ Tyt optu^ Mtj /e .t$ Mtj pejgu^ Tyt hgjgy;gg^ Tyt wkyh^ Mtj hgglug^ Mtj hgyg^ Tyt fluooj^ Mtj wguggy mkluka^ Tyt tuinu ovtu^ Tyt bk;^ Mtj eel^ Mtj ool^ Tyt utj* mtj iooutt^ Tyt hemug^ Mtj hgax^ Mtj hgldgug^ Mtj vtjtt^ Tyt he.ny^ Mtj ;gyh^

Tyt utj dni^ Mtj bk; dni^ Tyt vgbdgj dni^ Mtj vgy;gl dni^ Tyt hgjgy;gg dni^ Tyt ikhka dni^ Mtj eel dni* ool^ Tyt ykb dni* ;t.mtj^ Tyt wggv dni* wgv^

New Words
Inyt Ouv

Lesson 2

Reading Subject
Eyinh Vt;t.

Tyt inyt injtt^ Mtj heexny vgy;gl^ Tyt vgahgy ;t.mtj^ Mtj beehga wggv^ Tyt vgay optu^ Mtj bee optu^ Mtj vgahgy ov^ Tyt vkyny ykb^

Mtj ugj^ Tyt hejee^ Tyt yo;^ Mtj xyh^ Tyt gb^ Mtj hgbgj^ Tyt io;^ Tyt hfl^ Gg. grnlxny^ Ttr dgui^ Gh k/emgy^ :oo vejgux^ Tux tbx^ Gg. dgui dni^ Ttr tbx dni^ Gh vejgux dni^ Tux k/emgy dni^ :oo grnlxny dni^

Dgm vgay k/emgy^ :elbgg vgay tbx^ Gg. vgay grnlxny^ Ttr vgay dgui^

Gh bee k/emgy dni* vgay k/emgy^ Tyt beehga pejgu dni* vgahgy pejgu^ Mtj inyt utj dni* heexny utj^ Tyt vgahgy hkkl^ Mtj vgay hoy^

Dgm vgay hoy^ :elbgg bee hoy dni^ Tyt inyt ;t.mtj^ Mtj heexny ;t.mtj^ Tht vgahgy pejgu^ Mtj beehga pejgu^ Tyt hoy dgui^ Mtj hoy vgay tbx^

Grammar Explanation
Htlpoa Mgaldgj

New Words
Inyt Ouv

Lesson 3

Reading Subject
Eyinh Vt;t.

Tyt gyun^ Tyt vgahgy gyun^ Ty; dgui dgayg^ Ty; injtt* vgy;gl* iooutt* mkl, dgayg^ Ty; pejgu* vkyny* vtmuool dgayg^ Ty; Dgm dgayg^ Dgm vgay k/emgy^ :elbgg ty; dgayg^ Mtj utj^ Mtj inyt utj^ Gg. grnlxny^ Ttr dgui^ Gh k/emgy^ Tux tbx^ :oo vejgux^ Dn k/emgy^ Mg k/emgy ee$ @Ouoa* dn k/emgy dni^ Dn dgui^ Mtj /e .t$ Mtj eel^ Mty; /e dgayg .t$ Mty; bk; dgayg^ Ty; /e /e dgayg .t$ Ty; bkj,* hky, dgayg^ Ty; ukl dgayg^ Ty; wgv dgayg^ Mty; ool dgayg^

Ty; utj dgayg^ Ty; utj dgayg^ Mty; dgainy dgayg^ Mty; heexny dgainy dgayg^ Gh hgg dgayg .t$ Gh ty; dgayg^ :oo hgg dgayg .t$ :oo mty; dgayg^ Ty; zbgj zbgj vtmuool dgayg .t$ Ty; vgay* bee* vgahgy* beehga klky vtmuool dgayg^ Tyt ukl ee$ Dni* tyt ukl dni* yeej^ Pgb hgg dgayg .t$ Pgb ty; dgayg^ Ty; zbgj pgb dgayg .t$ Ty; fjufy pgb dgayg* hgjny mty; ygjnay pgb dgayg^

Grammar Explanation
Htlpoa Mgaldgj

New Words
Inyt Ouv

Lesson 4

Reading Subject
Eyinh Vt;t.

Ty; klky vgahgy ykb dgayg^ Tyt bnyna ykb^ Mtj mgys ykb^ Dguinay ykb mty; dgayg^ Tyt /e .t$ Tyt mkl, dnxnu^ Mtj /e .t$ Mtj vejgh dnxnu^ Ty; inyt ;t.mtj dgayg ee$ Dgayg^ Ty; klky inyt ;t.mtj dgayg^ Tyt htyna ;t.mtj .t$ Ty; :kjrnay hoounay ;t.mtj^ Tyt dguinay vgy;gl ee$ Dni* k/emys vgy;gl^ Tyt k/emys injtt dni* dguinay injtt^ Mty; /e /e dgayg ,t$ Mty; bnyna uemgl dgayg^ Gg.sy heexny ;ttl dgayg^ Ttrnay inyt bgluga dgayg^ Tuxnay glxeej dgayg^ Ghsy hopooyna kjkklm dgayg^ :oounay wgbw dgayg^ Dgv :elbggunay pejgu dgayg^ Tyt ykbsy iooutt^ Mtj bgyga gyunay vgbdgj^ Tyt vgbdgjsy glxeej^ Ghsy dgainyunay wkyh mty; dgayg^ Dgmsy utj ty; dgayg^ Mtj* vejueelnay dgainy^ Tyt* tbxnay bkj,^ Tbxnay bkj, vgay^ Tyt mgyga hky, dni* bgyga hky,^^ Tyt hoyna bkj, mty; dgayg^ Tyt /eys pejgu .t$ Tyt* eelsy pejgu^ Tyt pejgu vgahgy^ Mtj oolyna pejgu^ Mtj pejgu beehga^ Mty; bk;ys pejgu dgayg ee$ Glug^ Mty; hoyna pejgu dgayg^ Dgv hkynys pejgu dgayg^ Mgys gg.sy bkj, gl, .t$ Bnyna gg.sy bkj, tyt^ Xnyna ;oounay ;ttl zbgj .t$ :oounay ;ttl inyt^ Bnyna uemgl rnrnu^ Mgys bgluga mkb^ Tyt mkl, dnxnu vgay^ Gjhn beehga^ Mgbhn bee^ Mgys ;oo ty; dgayg ee$ Glug* bnyna ;oo ty; glug^ Bnyna ;oounay ykb ty; dgayg^ Bnyna ;oounay ykb inyt^ Bnyna ;oounay klky vgahgy inyt ykb ty; dgayg^

Grammar Explanation
Htlpoa Mgaldgj

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